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Against the Islamization European

Woe to naive to ignore the attempts of Islamization of Europe! The intervention of Pope Ratzinger in Regensburg on Islam has been "prophetic." Word of Don Georg Gaenswein, secretary of Pope Benedict XVI, who in an interview with the all-Ratzinger's biographer Peter Seewald raised the alarm against Muslim expansion. "Attempts to Islamize the West can not be denied - the magazine says Don George's Sueddeutsche Zeitung of Munich Monaco - a false respect and must not ignore the threats posed to Europe's identity." According to the prelate, which in Italy is often forgotten that he was a lecturer in pontifical universities, and which faithfully reflects the ideas of the pope, "the Catholic side sees very clearly (this danger) and it tells you." The speech Regensburg, he adds, "should serve to counter a certain naivete."

in Regensburg in September 2006 Pope Ratzinger raised a storm because international opened his speech with a quotation from a medieval Byzantine emperor, according to which Muhammad had not brought anything "good and humane" because it called for spreading the faith by the sword. Ratzinger delivered the summons without distance and it took the Vatican apologized repeatedly and updated edition of the speech to re-establish normal relations with the Islamic world. In many environments, however, liked the speech. Kissinger has confessed to the Republic of appreciating it a lot.

Don Georg points out that there is no "one" Islam and even a 'application challenging and binding on all Muslims. " Under the concept of Islam, he explains, there are many currents, even among their enemies, who come "to refer to extremists in their action to the Koran and take the field with a gun." In any case, the Holy See seeks to weave contacts and talks through the Council for Interreligious Dialogue.

The interview describes the main agenda of Benedict XVI: to strengthen the faith, raise the "question God, the comparison with the different forms of relativism, dialogue with Islam, the strengthening of Christian identity. "Europe can not live if you cut its Christian roots, because it removes the soul" .

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like hitting the 'Ndrangheta

A key to open the safes of the thighs. and empty it. In memory of journalist, for the first time a judge in civil forces 16 defendants convicted of Mafia association to reimburse a local government. Compensation for damage caused by organized crime to the area, according to a logic at all obvious until now. A place that starts from Calabria, from the heart of the Plain of Gioia Tauro, stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta. The trial judge Antonio di Palmi Saved to meet the request of the town of maxirisarcimento Rosarno for damage to the image, moral and economic. Excellent names, families of the elite of the 'Ndrangheta as Piromalli and Bellocco, will have to pay € 9 million with interest at the small town of Reggio. There are also pieces from 90 Bellocco as Caramel, Jerome Mole, Joseph Joachim and Piromalli, Reucci Rosarno and Gioia Tauro, the 16 had to play around with the family assets. They were convicted of Mafia association process in Porto, which began in late 1990 by the DDA in Reggio after an investigation into leaks at the port of Gioia Tauro, the port of the 'Ndrangheta, which cost the clan dozens of arrests and seizures.
as palm explains chairman of the parliamentary anti-Mafia Forgiane Francis, is "a ruling symbol." The same opinion Senator Nuccio Iovene Calabrian Sd. While Freedom reaffirms the importance of a civil conflict as an instrument of the mafia, to work alongside the confiscations. A ruling that makes it especially on the action of a political mafia Worked as Peppino, the former mayor who wanted his town against the gangs in civil courts. And that returns the value of an important political season, that of progressive mayors.
With the sentence of Palma is a revolutionary principle states: 'It tried - according to the court - that the activities of gangs has interfered with the explanation of economic potential of the territory. " Referring to the process Porto, the court finds that "the pervasiveness and extent of control over economic activities related to the port of Gioia Tauro presented characteristics that make the causal link fully subsisting" between mafia and economic damage to local communities, with a real 'armed occupation of territory.
does not escape the scope of the decision of the town's lawyer, the lawyer Salvatore Costantino, who speaks of "Judgement of extraordinary importance" and "significant precedent" that "gives meaning to the filing of civil commons' and gives administrators agile and sharp weapon against the gangs: "We provide a tool of the ordinary, and I stress ordinary 'to be compensated for the damage caused by gangs. A great victory for a job, former congressman and former mayor PCI Ds Rosarno, who understood the importance of establishing a civil action.
After the indictments, he says, "knew that the towns were listed as plaintiffs in the papers of the proceedings Porto, it was natural to the constitution of civil party in criminal proceedings." Work does not stop here, and calls into question the Province of Reggio, Calabria Region and the Government, all targati Olive Tree, "asking them to stand alongside the communes against the 'Ndrangheta." The answer is yes, for once, the united front. There's convictions, for the 16 that had requested expedited, and in 2002 the final judgments. So Working raised "and given the mandate to seek compensation in civil courts. An adventure that will see the town of solitary Rosarno against Bellocco and Piromalli. Because while the wind blows the right and the other institutions is absent. Rosarno also passes the CDL, but the process remains standing in silence.
"Today comes a landmark ruling that shows us the way to combat the mafia. Until the end, "says the indomitable work with a certain bitterness, wondering why" the smallest and defenseless body was left alone. " But today Peppino job is no longer isolated. The President stresses Forgione, who is about to turn the Calabria to develop an effective strategy to combat the 'Ndrangheta, a stated goal of its management antimafia. "The sentence of Palmi - he says - talks about the importance of a civil municipalities, but also suggests another way to attack the assets of the mafia families, in this case of two families and as important as Piromalli Bellocco. A way forward to the end for Senator Iovene, member of the Anti-Mafia: "This ruling shows that it is a symbolic but politically and practically important because it recognizes a fundamental principle: the presence of the clan territory and the damage the community. "

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Interview with Ugo Bardi on peak oil

Ugo Bardi, professor in the Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy President reel, what are the objectives of the Association?
The Reel (Association for the Study of Peak Oil and gas), which brings leading scientists around the world, was founded by the scientist Colin Campbell, and based their studies on the theory of Hubbert, U.S. Geological Survey, which describes the course of extracting a finite resource. In the early '90s, Campbell available data and forecasts that painted a picture of the future very different from the optimistic economic growth without end. In 2003, I founded the Italian section reel, which differs a bit ' by the mother, for his emphasis on solutions, for an increasing renewable energy, rather than on the issues, which, however, not neglect. The purpose of the association will run out when you have done its homework in time to alert the world on the imminent decline of oil, the main resource on which an entire civilization is based.

many parties warns that oil is running out! Is this true? If so, when will it happen?
The "end of oil is distant at least a few decades into the future. There are other concerns that the ability of supply to meet demand. The IEA, the International Agency Energy, OECD direct subsidiary, has expressed these concerns in a few days ago a statement. This is the point, is not that there is more oil, is that there is not enough. The IEA puts the critical point in 2012, but it is clear that there are already difficulties. ASPO believes that the peak has already occurred or might occur between two to three years. Since the peak, the curve starts to decline.

How much oil remains to be extracted? There is the possibility, thanks to new technologies, that somewhere in the world they are rich deposits?
Estimates are the most diverse. Unfortunately, history often have been estimates too optimistic denied by the facts. Few remember how, in the sixties, the USGS, the Geological Survey of the United States had overstated reserves by a factor of three continental U.S.. The USGS estimates were almost certainly influenced by political factors. Factors which, in my opinion, even more recently have affected estimates are very optimistic. There are still the world's oil reserves, according to some, in an amount comparable to that extracted so far, according to others a bit more. The problem is that these reserves are more expensive to extract crude and often it is of poor quality. This is reflected in market price.
is very likely that the deposits important have been found so far. We continue to find smaller fields, but it is now since the eighties that consumes far more oil than it discovers new. It is assumed reserves of oil in the Arctic and Antarctic that will become available with the melting of ice due to global warming. But if and when we get to that point, we are too busy building dams against floods, to worry about oil.

What will happen after the peak?
The peak is only one point of a smooth transition, the oil will be increasingly expensive and we must learn to live without it. It is also true, as has already happened in history, which peaks Local oil have been accompanied by political upheavals and wars. Something similar could be done globally. Indeed, in many ways, already is ..

What are the alternatives?
The development of new technologies related to solar energy, like solar cells, whose development has been rapid in recent years. Today we source the potential to produce as much energy, even much more than it produces oil.
However, there is still a source of energy that is as compact, versatile, and cheap oil as it has been until recently. However, we will have to make compromises, especially in the field transport, which will be even more expensive today. We will be forced to save, because developing countries reclaim their party.

peaks are expected for other energy sources (gas, coal, uranium ,..)?
All minerals are subject to peak production. It must be said, however, that some resources, such as gas and coal, moving, sick and therefore do not have a truly global market as oil. For this, they have local peaks, rather than as a single global peak oil. The next peak should be important to the gas in the United States. Very unlikely the U.S. will be able to cope with the decline in domestic production with imports of liquefied gas, because the lack of adequate infrastructure. Uranium is a case in itself. At present production is only about half of demand for existing reactors, but are unable to meet it by dismantling old nuclear warheads. Probably, the peak of uranium is already many years ago, but is masked by the accumulated reserves in the form of publications. This, of course, can not last long, soon we will present a problem of shortage of uranium on the market, already indicated by soaring prices of recent years. In theory, the production of uranium could be increased, but this will require huge investments that are currently not materialize sufficiently. Nevertheless, no There is no doubt that we will see a return of nuclear energy.

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The proposed Alleva

Piergiovanni Alleva, Director of the magazine's legal work, provides a new idea in the debate on pensions by including the initial proposal, which appeared on the manifest of 21 June last year and that it later inspired the recent hypotheses on the incentives. But basically, you just explain that the "system" Alleva is all about "voluntariness" of the increase in the retirement age, so without imposing any obligation (even in the form of step) compared to current conditions (57 years of age and 35 years of contributions), but at the same time making it very attractive to stay in employment. In other words: push who can and wants to work up to 65 years of age or over 40 contributions, because it provides very strong incentives, allows those who wish to exit (for example, all workers in manufacturing, heavy or shifts) to do it as freely , since it is "covered" by the stay of others. On the other hand today, the worker can stay free up to 65 years on the job, because not licensed until it has completed the "pensionabilità for old age" (the "pensionabilità for Elderly - 57 plus 35 or 40 contributions - in fact it is not enough to be fired). The proposal is not funded by Alleva, "hoards" or public funds, but by the same contributions of workers does not harm the INPS or public accounts (thus satisfying those who defend the 'staircase' or 'steps'), and does not only ensure higher pensions (up 82% -90% or even close to 100% of final salary), but total income while the richest one is at work.
Alleva, as you can get all this together?
We start first from my first proposal, and then - once - I'll explain how I integrated push to stay in employment until 65 years of age or over 40 contributions. Of course for those who always wanted to do it. Therefore, the 'first phase' of my proposal is aimed at those who want to stop working after reaching the age of 57 and 35 years of contributions. Today, with the method of remuneration, which includes a 2% return each year worked, the pension may be increased to 70% of salary, or at most 80% if you have 40 years of contributions. I propose that those who stop working to bring to bear more years of delay on future output board: you can get up to 60 years maturing in the first year 3%, 4% the second, the third the 5%. Of course you can leave at the end of each year, at 58, 59 or 60: it is not required to make them all three. So you can have at the end, a richer pension allowance of 12%, gaining 82% last pay.
We want to give a concrete example?
Sure, let's say we are talking about the employee has a salary of € 20 000 per year. Today can retire with 57 years and 35, receiving an amount equal to 70%, or about 14 000 euro per year. Assuming that instead face 40 years of contributions, will have 80%, or about 16 000 €. With my proposal, ripe 1200 euro more each year, and can reach 82% of salary, amounting to a grant of € 17,200 per year. INPS not lost, but rather remains in surplus, because for 3 years not paying the pension and continues to collect contributions, but not to charge the player numbers, the reference to the first article published on the manifest 21 June, where I do a detailed calculation.
So we found that the incentive is substantial enough, because instead of € 14 000 of annual pension, the worker who wants to stay for three more - up to 60 - 17,200 or ripe well. The new proposal speaks of a "phase two": to stop working until 65. What do you expect?
The proposal for "phase two" is simply because in some way is an extension of the "phase one", but it also adds an enrichment of income while you work. All this, not at the expense of the contribution, as it provides the incentive bonus super-Maroni. My proposal provides that those who choose to work beyond age 60 has two opportunities ahead: the first is that you return to the old rate of annual return for future pension (2%) and at the same time receive a monthly allowance by INPS salary supplement equal to 30% of retirement. I know that I am departing from doubly to current regulations: not only the principle of non-overlapping between earned income and pensions, but the bargain is to receive the pension while remaining in the same job. But I think the laws have already been overcome in the proposal to increase the pension for more than 80% of the salary. Well, in this way, just gaining another 2% for 5 years (but again, it is not required to stay until 65, you choose to remain each year), I arrive more than 90% of final salary. In addition, in all the years I stopped working, I have a more substantial income. On the other hand, if I do not want this 30% immediately, but I prefer a pension even richer output, I can opt for the latter because of the crossroads every year rely on more work from the sixtieth to sixty-five, instead of 2% For example 3%. Check in to ripen a check that is almost 100% of final salary. We
again an example.
Yes, our workers with annual income of € 20 000, if he chooses to take as an incentive 30% of the accrued pension, receives an annual sum of € 4,920, added to his salary, which amounted to € 370 per month. In addition, if you are stopped for five years, at which point he gained an annual allowance of about € 18 000. If you do not want, conversely, 30% now, a couple future allocation of almost € 20 000 per year. But there
INPS loses?
No, explain why: if that employee had retired at 60 years, INPS would pay him from that moment on € 16,400 a year and stopped to collect contributions of € 6,600 (33% of 20 000). Because rather than remain in service pays only 30% of the pension of € 4,920 - in addition to pay, however. INPS save about € 18 000 a year (16,400 +6.600-4.920) and then in five years, about 90 000 euro, if the worker walking the way to the end of the incentive, which runs until 65. In this way I tried to build a kind of 'bridge', to 'harness', among the pensionabilità seniority (57 years) and old age (65), which many workers should be encouraged to follow rationally. Obligations not expected, but substantial incentives, and does not affect sull'Inps or on public accounts.

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The last article by Claudio Rinaldi

admit that I feel a special sympathy for Vincenzo Visco. I think its wrong and unnecessarily punitive tax policy, rule out that tax evasion is doing the fabled miracles that some people, I find regrettable, in him as in any politician, the absolute lack of cordiality, and I regret that, before the controversy about his conflict with the former commander of the Guardia di Finanza, has not felt the need to personally explain his reasons to the Parliament or to 'public opinion.

Therefore they are not objective, the Espresso, which I reprimanded the Prodi government has not taken advantage because of the clash with the GDF to get rid of the unpopular vice minister.

But I do not feel biased against Visco if now, after the news of his inclusion in the register of suspects of the Prosecutor of Rome, I say that would be well advised to resign from his delicate position.

I know it's possible that early assumptions accusations against him (abuse of office and threats to the General Roberto Speciale) may fall. Sincerely hope it to him. Otherwise, it would be for him the presumption of innocence which the Constitution provides for anyone who has not given a final sentence.

But there are reasons of political expediency, which should encourage a healthy step back to Visco.

sorry to remember, but in the sordid Berlusconi three characters in weight did not hesitate to step aside when, although they were not investigated by any judiciary, became the target of harsh political attacks as a result of conduct engaged in bad taste or just folklore.

Carlo Taormina resigned as Undersecretary of the Interior had stated that because certain pm Milan should have been arrested. Claudio Scajola resigned as interior minister because he had told two reporters that the poor Marco Biagi was "a pain in the ass." Roberto Calderoli resigned as minister of reforms because he wore a t-shirt printed on a sticker anti-Islamic.

If you go home as a result of behavior completely without criminal implications, I doubt that it is forward looking to hold onto a chair after he learned to be investigated even by threats. Visco

course is not one to be so many problems since day ago is presented in the inauguration of the new commander of the GDF though it was already stripped of delegates to the control of yellow flames.

Everyone has their own sensitivity.

must be said, however, is that the entire government Prodi to consider irrelevant, so it seems that inclusion of a few members in the register of suspects.

An example? The former police chief Gianni De Gennaro has been investigated in Genoa, but has conquered without a shot being fired the juicy post of Head of Cabinet of the Minister of the Interior.

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Perfect, Giavazzi!

Today in Italy there are three elderly people aged 65 years about every ten people of working age, 15-64 years. Fifteen years there will be four, in 2050, when our children will want to retire, seven. That is, ten people of working age will have to produce enough to sustain over 17 (well, because there will be children and young people under the age of sixteen).

But in Italy, as you know, participation in the labor market is very low, not all of those ten people of working age work. It is estimated that in 2050 so that every worker should support more than two people: himself, an elderly and perhaps even a child. It 'obvious that at that point or you will work longer, well over 65 years, retirement or more will not guarantee a dignified retirement. E 'right now is retiring at age 57, knowing that our children will have to work up to seventy? In Spain and the Netherlands the age limit is 65 years in Sweden 65 years with 40 years of contributions, and in Germany 63 years and 35 years of contributions, in France, from January 1 ˚, you will have paid 40 years of contributions; in Switzerland 65 years and 44 contributions.

We read on page 169 of the electoral program of the Union: "With the increasing trend in life expectancy, the gradual lengthening of the working career should become a physiological fact." Exactly! From Jan. 1 ˚ come into force The Maroni law that raises from 57 to 60 years the minimum age for retiring with 35 years of contributions. The law was passed in 2004, three years before the entry into force.

This is because the Berlusconi government accepted the unions' request for a reasonable notice. I notice three years have passed and it is time to apply what the law requires. The unions, who had also accepted the Maroni law, now require a new shift of time allowing for a more gradual change in the rules. But if you prefer a gradual increase in retirement ages, why do not they have agreed three years ago? Today we arrived at the age minimum of 60 years without stairs.

The truth, as Tito Boeri wrote in La Stampa - and supported Emma Bonino in Rome yesterday - is that trade unions and the radical left does not want any increase in the rather prefer a giant staircase - from 57 to 70 years-if not applies only to us but to our children. Often left-wing governments that are more successful are those preceded by a right-wing government. The reason is that the right is less influenced by the unions, and often this fixes the issues, the labor market, pensions - which is more complicated for the left tackle.

The decade of Tony Blair would not have received valuations both favorable and if he had not ruled before Margaret Thatcher. The same is happening in Spain Jose Luis Zapatero, who rules in the wake of the reforms undertaken by José Maria Aznar. In Paris, the Socialists hope that the more intelligent attempt to Sarkozy turning France, from the labor market to universities, to be successful and then inherit a country transformed. Romano Prodi has no such luck: Berlusconi, despite the wide majority in Parliament, for the most wasted opportunity, especially when it came to liberalize the economy.

But in two areas, the center-right has launched significant reforms: in the labor market, the Biagi law and the law on pensions Maroni. In both cases just enforce laws already in force. It can be so shortsighted as not to follow the example of Blair and Zapatero and throw away this opportunity?

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The suffering of nation-states to the time of U.S.

In the context of international relations, the signal of the transition from a world order based on consensus between nation-states to a world based on coercion practiced by a single superpower took place in June 2002, when President George W. Bush Jr. made public its new policy on national security. For most Americans, September 11, 2001 the world had changed irrevocably: Bush fueled this belief when, in his State of the Union February 2002, stated that in the face of an enemy state without the United States could no longer rely on traditional tools of deterrence to prevent attacks against its own people and their territory.
After the end of the Cold War
The United States would therefore have to predict where those attacks could be prepared and take preventive action to prevent the implementation of the attacks themselves. But a closer examination of how foreign policy has evolved and the American military after the Cold War demonstrates how the shift from interventions to defend the system of nation-states to actions aimed at undermining the system has started a long time before.
The triggering event was the end of the Cold War in 1989. In the next fifteen years, what began as a series of attempted military intervention aiming to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries turned into a frontal assault on the institution of the nation-state and Westphalian order. The first military intervention of the post-Cold War, aimed at reorganizing the nation-state through a decisive intervention in its internal political affairs, have been implemented in Bosnia, in Somalia and Haiti between 1992 and 1994, and were actions involving minors from 3000 to 25,000 units of U.S. ground troops. All these operations were carried out under the mandate of the UN Security Council. An irreversible change

Then there took less than a decade because the United States, backed by the United Kingdom, go to unprovoked invasion of Iraq with 200,000 men, despite strong public opposition to the world without the authorization of the Security Council of the United Nations and with the explicit objective of killing the messianic regime of Saddam Hussein and subsequent establishment of a friendly government of the United States, the West and Israel, and transformation of Iraq into a democracy model and an example to the rest of the Arab world.
Therefore, it is difficult not to conclude that something has changed irreversibly from the end of the Cold War, a change that has exerted relentless pressure on hegemonic power pushing the implementation of interventions becoming more common and more frequent and more intrusive in the internal affairs of member states of the United Nations. This pressure was making it increasingly difficult to maintain the Westphalian system configured by the charter of the United Nations. That
irreversible change was the advent of global capitalism, which since the seventies began to undermine the economic foundations of the nation state in order to create a single global system of trade and production. In the nineties, this process began to reshape the political system and the international order to conform to their own purposes. In an essay written in the early nineties, Jürgen Habermas has pointed out that since democracy was established to support the goals of nation-states, its survival could be put in serious danger in case of collapse of these institutions.
Fears of Habermas proved well founded. The first victim of the attack on democracy was the system of nation-states created by the Treaty of Westphalia and the Congress of Vienna, and consecrated, in its most recent expression in the Charter of the United Nations. The Treaty of Westphalia was signed in 1648 by France and its allies with King Ferdinand II of Spain, to end the Thirty Years' War that had devastated Europe. To achieve this goal, the treaty legitimized the existing governments, rearranged their territorial disputes, and established the ground rules for future mutual relations between states. This process stabilized the frontiers and gave birth to the concept of national sovereignty, the two essential attributes of the modern European state.
-the principles that govern relations between states emerged from the Treaty of Westphalia were later formalized by the Congress of Vienna. Although the boundaries set by these treaties have been altered several times by the hegemonic ambitions of either European power, the fundamental principles that had inspired them were invariably reaffirmed, and the order of Treaty of Westphalia restored, whenever peace is reaffirmed. Those principles were respect for sovereignty and national borders and the refusal to intervene in the internal affairs of another sovereign state, because any such intervention would be regarded as a hostile act.
The means by which the new order was maintained were diplomacy and military strategy. The purpose of diplomacy was to maintain a balance of power within the community of nations, while the military strategy was acting as a deterrent against attack. In practice, the Westphalian system was unable to prevent wars in the seventeenth and eighteenth century the major European nations fought 60-70 conflicts with each other during each century. However, he managed to instill in all nations a deep aversion to the disruptive actions of the status quo, while the disapproval of the unprovoked aggression by one country against another. The Westphalian order reached the peak of its effectiveness during the hundred years of peace between 1815 and 1914. After Germany's defeat in World War II, the Westphalian order picked up again and then getting a final consecration in the Constituent Charter of the United Nations. Article 1 The limited participation only to sovereign states. The Article 2 (4) requires states to "refrain in international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or otherwise from any activity inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. " The Article 2 (7) forbade not only member states but the United Nations as a whole to intervene in the internal affairs of other states, "Nothing in this statute may authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters essentially attributable the domestic jurisdiction of any state. " Enhanced by the threat of "mutual assured destruction ', which emerged with the development of nuclear weapons, the United Nations system prevented the outbreak of war in large fifty years of the Cold War. Only when the advent of global capitalism began to subvert the very nation-states, the system began to be subjected to serious tensions. As hegemon of the twentieth century - the so-called "short century" - intent to extend its hegemony in the era of global capitalism, the United States led the attack on the system of nation-states and the Westphalian international order. Critics of U.S. expansionism liberal area exclude the possibility of rapid change and believe that the end of the Cold War has made a resurgence imperialist tendency in U.S. foreign policy dating back to the Monroe Doctrine. (...)
The victory in the Cold War and the subsequent "revolution of military affairs" in fact only removed the last obstacle to the consolidation of the American empire. The weakness of this hypothesis lies in its presumption of continuity. Undoubtedly, the creation of a network of military bases and the acquisition of territory on which to build has been an ongoing process. The first steps were made in the decade following the English-American War of 1896, when the American military bases installed in places as far apart as Guam, Hawaii, the Philippines, the Panama Canal, Puerto Rico and Cuba, but were World War II and Then the Cold War to allow the U.S. to expand their network of bases in Western Europe, Okinawa, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand. The expansion of military presence in the United States continued after the end of the Cold War. After the first Gulf War, new U.S. bases were built in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Egypt and Djibouti. The disintegration of Yugoslavia became the pretext for the establishment of bases in Bosnia and Kosovo and the Soviet Union led to the creation of bases in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. After 11 September, the United States forced the Pakistan, in fact, with the threat of arms, to join the new global war on terrorism: Pakistan gave the U.S. the use of airbases in Jacobabad, Pasni and Quetta. Finally, after the Afghan war, the United States has acquired three additional air bases in Afghanistan at Bagram, near Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif, north of the Hindu Kush and Kandahar in the south of the country. But this continuity
mask, and thus prevents recognize one very important difference in how the bases were created. Some of them were through coercion, and that is an invasion or threat to invade a territory belonging to another sovereign state. The remaining, and it is still the most part, were created with the full consent of the nations concerned. Moreover, the choice of method used to expand the power and the American sphere of influence was not random.
cycles of capitalism
Member United resorted to coercion to acquire territory or the base into two distinct periods: the first in the last decade of the nineteenth and first decade of the twentieth century, the second after the Cold War, and particularly after September 11. At the turn of the two periods, with rare exceptions, the expansion of military power and influence of the United States has been tolerated or even welcomed by the nations concerned. The reason for this difference must be sought in the expansion capital cycle. The first use of force coincided with the advent of systemic chaos that marked the end of the third cycle of expansion and, consequently, of British hegemony. The second use of force is a response to systemic chaos was triggered by the end of the fourth round of expansion of capitalism and the advent of the fifth, namely globalization. This is a reflection of the American attempt to forge a new world order and to establish its hegemony over it. The extensive common ground and expand the network of American bases between these two periods, reflects the consolidation of American hegemony in the fourth round of expansion of capitalism.
arrivals worldwide
The process was made easier by the assumption of the role of the United States was a friend and protector during the Second World War and the Cold War, and the fact that the expansion of capitalism which triggered the growth of United States took place in the framework of the Westphalian system of nation-states. In contrast, the expansion of American power after the Sept. 11, particularly in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq, reveals the blatant disregard for national sovereignty and underscores the intent to replace the Westphalian system with an American empire built on military supremacy and the constant threat of force. This has triggered an alarm around the world and forced the countries that previously had agreed to host the U.S. bases and military hegemony to reconsider the opportunity to continue to house them. He also already pushed Saudi Arabia to ask the U.S. to close the bases in its territory and convinced France Germany and Belgium to revive the proposal for the creation of a European defense force outside the NATO umbrella. It has also alarmed American liberals not only because they find repugnant the idea of \u200b\u200ban American empire, but also because this strategy is destroying the hegemony created so largely peaceful during the 'American Century'.